How to Write a Lab Report

How to Write a Lab Report Every student remembers the struggle he faces while studying in a college or university. The experience we gain during our academic life is very important and we all know that. But usually, in everyday reality we see that academics life can get boring. Try considering this: when sitting on the lecture we are getting frustrated and very tired by constantly working with a pen and making as much notes as we can (while teaches or professor provides us with useful and necessary information) or, attending the seminars, we diligently strain our brains, trying to focus and are looking for the right decision to make. Happens to the best of us, right? On the contrary, the laboratory work is much more fascinating activity, which combines the verification of knowledge on practice and gaining the best experience on the topic previously elaborated. The good part of laboratory work is called to show your strong sides by implementing the knowledge on practice- this will definitely impress your teacher or professor. Thats why students are less likely to skip such activity! If the student thinks that he can skip one or two classes of lab work, and he does not get any penalties for it, he is very mistaken. The truth is that the practical lesson he missed needs to be attended anyway (usually later and on individual basis), otherwise the final score will not be great, or it will not correspond to the desired one. While getting a higher education in college or university, laboratory studies become an obligatory part of the engineering and technical education process. The core of the lab work (despite the discipline and subject) is writing a lab report. A lab report is more than just something you get a good grade on. Its your opportunity to show that you understand what is going on in the experiment, which is really the most important part of doing it. In addition, we believe that its actually very good practice to know how to make a lab report in a manner that the reader can understand. How to write an abstract for a lab report There are three basic parts to a lab report: pre-lab, in-lab, and post-lab. Let’s start from the beginning. The first part is PRE-LAB REPORT. It consists of: I. Introduction The very first question which arises here is how to write an introduction for a lab report? It takes about 4-5 sentences. By answering on the question of what is an abstract in a lab report?, you will give the reader an idea of what you are going to do in a short paragraph. Background sentences: state why you want to do the experiment, why is it relevant, what other kinds of similar experiments have been done in the past. Goal: In one sentence, state what you are going to do in the experiment and what you hope to find. You should also list explicitly any main chemicals with which you are dealing and any techniques you will using. II. Procedural Flowchart This part of the pre-lab should take no more than one page. A good flowchart should give a reader an immediate idea of whats need to be done in the laboratory except in a less detailed format. It is a road map of the experiment. It gives a reader a representation of the experimental procedure. Keep in mind that the flowchart should be brief and cover all the steps in a simple and easy to follow manner. You will have to do a lot of rewriting in order to simplify the procedures into a flowchart format. The second part is IN-LAB RESPONSIBILITY. It includes the following: I. Data-taking Always record data directly into your lab notebook. You need to make sure you record all of the data immediately in case you forget what you wanted to say later. Also, if you make a mistake its a good idea to keep a record if it so you (or someone else trying to do your experiment) can remember to not make the same mistake twice. II. Observations In addition to writing down all those numbers (data), you should keep an eye (nose, ear, etc.) on what is actually happening in the experiment. If you add one thing to another and it evolves a gas, gets hot or cold, changes color or odor, precipitates a solid, reacts really quickly or slowly, or anything noticeable, you should write down that observation in your lab notebook. Other things to consider including are: make and type of any machine you are using, concentrations of all the standards you used, and etc. And finally, the third part is POST-LAB REPORT. It consist of: I. Gathering Data again Re-copy your data from the in-lab section here in a neat format. This is your chance to organize it into a more readable form now that you are done with the experiment and impress your supervisor with the organizational skills you have. II. Calculations Its a good idea to write out all the formulas you use in your calculations. One more point is to be sure to include the units when you are doing a calculation, and dont drop the units halfway through the calculation. This is actually a powerful tool because if your answer has the wrong units, you must have made an error somewhere along the way. Conversely, if your answer has the correct units, you could still be wrong, but at least you are on the right track (and there is still a chance that your answer is correct too!). Yet the last but not least part of lab repost is the conclusion. How to write a conclusion for a lab report The conclusion is a summary of what you did. The reason you have a conclusion is because your lab report might be long and the reader may not remember all the important points that you stated. Also, it gives you a chance to explain anything that might have gone wrong or could be improved, as well as propose future experiments. Writing a lab report is very challenging task. Apart from conducting the experiment, writing down the results there are a lot of things to be taken care of. If you have the results provided already, or if you have some parts of a lab report you need to format in the proper way, or have some doubts on title page for a lab report and yet don’t know how to do it- ask for professional services to advise you on it.

Interdisciplinary Solutions to Global Warming Research Assignment - 1375 Words

Interdisciplinary Solutions to Global Warming Research Assignment (Term Paper Sample) Content: Interdisciplinary Solutions to Global WarmingStudents Name:Class:The rapid growth of the world population has occasioned significant increase in the number of problems in our societies today. These major problems are such as the rise in the number of epidemics, terror attacks, global warming, and unethical leadership have tended to throw the society into a state of quagmire. This, therefore, possess the serious need to identify ways to combat the defects. Apparently, the globally academic set-up does not equip a single professional with the vast knowledge to combat any of the vices single-handedly. It therefore calls for collaboration of professionals from different, but relevant departments to come together in order to jointly find a binding and acceptable solution to the ever increasing problems. This essay gives a specific focus to global warming as a major problem encountered in our society today, hence unveiling an interdisciplinary approach towards eradicating i t.According to Oxford Advanced learners dictionary, global warming is the increase in temperature of the earths atmosphere that is caused by the increase of particular gases, especially Carbon Dioxide (p.647). Markham asserts that emissions of Carbon Dioxide from the fossil fuel burning power plants; emissions of Carbon Dioxide from burning gasoline for transportation; emission of methane from animals and agricultural sects like arctic seabed; deforestation; increased use of chemical fertilizers; and widespread of extinction species are some of the causes of global warming (Markham, 2009). This adds up to several other reasons that have been given to justify the causes of global warming.As seen in the causes above, different sectors are directly involved in fueling global warming. In the words of Sternberg, the problem of global warming aggressively crosses the boundaries hence rendering the perspectives and the methods of a single discipline not only incomplete but also inefficacio us in solution-finding (Sternberg, n.d,a). It therefore calls for collective responsibility for an effective battle against the vice to be realized.Collaboration between subjects breeds mutual understanding. In Biology for instance, in order to apply genomic tools within the context of climate change, the practitioner may need to integrate the expertise in genomics, having the knowledge of ecological processes that occur population, community and landscape level (Agupubs, 2013). Early career researchers such as graduate students and postdoctoral research associates should, therefore, employ interdisciplinary talks in order to salvage the vice. This is due to the technological advances that require cross-disciplinary understanding.Agupubs (2013) agitates that subject to scientists becoming habitual in considering approaches from different disciplines early enough in their careers, those approaches are likely to be more common later on in their careers. Patently, both postdoctoral re searchers and graduate students are incommensurately responsible for moving forward the climate change field research while establishing the new research programs. This, in essence, posses the dire need for collaboration between them for anything good to be realized.There is need to integrate the current curricular in order to make it more elaborate in addressing the climatic change. This can be done by designing courses that address the global warming matter in a discipline cross-cutting manner. According to Agupubs (2013), international courses or convention of working groups as well as research networks for young researchers who share a common interest in climate, although may be of different backgrounds, should be actualized. By so doing, a number of graduates with specific focus in elimination of global warming will emerge. This will shift the focus from having to solicit for ideas from several fields to combat a single vice.Certain cultural and economic practices directly sabo tage the efforts lain in the quest for reservation of the natural resources. For example, deforestation in a bid to set clearanc...

Music s Impact On The Music Revolution - 1729 Words

Musical revolutions can be defined by three key aspects which are: the venues music was made in, the way the audience listened to the music, and the way the music was disseminated. These are unique in that there is no clear separation between them and at times some of the changes that have been made can impact all three at the same time. The age in which we live in is experiencing all of these aspects to one degree or another. It is difficult for someone my age to understand that we are living in a music revolution the likes of which has never been seen before. From what I have learned in the History of American Pop music class it seems that the venues which music has been made in will remain consistent for many years then drastically change. The first music industry we have learned of consisted of composers who would write music for the performers who would perform them with the possibility that someone in the audience could go to the music shop and purchase the sheet music with the intention to play it themselves. This aspect influenced the higher classes more than the lower classes since you would have to have money to see the concert, buy the music, and own an instrument to play it on. At that time there was no major companies who consistently put out music for the purpose of being consumed. The first time we can see this concept being readily applied would be in Tin Pan Alley. Although Tin Pan Alley was still producing sheet music it was created for the purposeShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Cultural Change of Music1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cultural Change of Music The popular culture of music has changed dramatically over the course of sixty five years. Since this time, new genres of music have been introduced, existing genres have changed, and fixed stereotypes have been associated with certain genres of music. Music has become a major part of popular culture, and is portrayed almost everywhere in first world societies, including on television, radio, at shopping centers, sporting events and in every areaRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cultural Revolution and Sexual Desires in Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† The late 1950s was a time of cultural revolution which had a large influence on the American youth. â€Å"As the next decade drew near, issues such as civil rights, war, women s rights, and the sexual revolution would deeply affect many American teenagers. The conservative family values and morals that predominated in the 1950s were just beginning to be challenged as the decade came to a close† (Moss andRead MoreEssay on Soul Music1493 Words   |  6 PagesSoul Music Since the early to mid 1800’s, music has been the most powerful vehicle of human expression. As the embodiment of love, disapproval, happiness, pain and experience, mainly life, music speaks to us because it comes from us. Everyone in the, paradigm of the human experience instinctively and systematically change the music of the past to represent the realities of the present. In this century, African American music, more specifically Soul music, has been the music that has brought toRead MoreSong From The One And Only Grunge Rock Group Nirvana1364 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing, there is supposed to be no judgment. You can â€Å"come as you are, as a friend, as an enemy† as you want to be. This concept hit home for a lot of young kids in the 90’s. They felt like they connected to this music, especially to Kurt Cobain’s lyrics. Nirvana’s success marked the real beginning of this genre of music, â€Å"fusing punk disaffection with the power and disto rtion of heavy metal† (Campbell). Many of Kurt’s songs resonated with his lack of identity, frustration and the darkness thatRead MoreTaking a Look at the Jazz Age1600 Words   |  6 Pagesbe seen through the shift in literature, from conservative to contemporary writings, by literary giants like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Bessie Smith. The Jazz Age was known as the Roaring Twenties, and is still popular today due to its infamous jazz music, flappers, and prohibition. The Jazz Age was an exciting, and contemporary time period in American history. During the Jazz Age, the U.S was the setting of many cultural changes, artistic innovation, and social changes. World War 1 ended in 1918 Read MoreThe Genre Of Rock N Roll1062 Words   |  5 PagesElvis Presley, also known as the king of Rock ‘n’ roll, once said â€Å"Rock ‘n’ roll music, if you like it, if you feel it, you can t help but move to it. That s what happens to me. I can t help it.† The genre of Rock ‘n’ roll has been a part of the world since the early 1940’s. According to Just a Half a Mile from the Mississippi Bridge: The Mississippi River Valley Origins of Rock ‘n’ Roll, this genre was born in the Mississippi River Valley and moved up and down its course, including its tributariesRead MoreEssay on Music in the Sixties1140 Words   |  5 PagesMusic in the Sixties My topic is Music in the Sixties. In my essay I would like to determine that events that occurred during the 1960’s had a significant effect on some of the music that was produced. I believe that certain music and musical events derived from peoples feelings and views on things that occurred during the 60’s. Some of these events include the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, politics, and society as a whole. There were many different stereotypes and prejudices. ThereRead MoreAnalysis Of John Lennon s The 1490 Words   |  6 Pageshis persona and music. In this paper, I will talk about the rhetor, what he is best known for at the time of the song I am analyzing, the significant aspects of his character and public persona, his background in the art of rhetoric, and how this song fits into his other works. All of these aspects will help to better understand the song I am analyzing, but more importantly the rhetor that created it. Who is the rhetor? The artifact I have chosen to analyze is the song Revolution written by JohnRead MoreThe Music Of Elvis Presley898 Words   |  4 PagesThere were plenty of music coming out and showing up in the 1960’s. It was time; time for a new form of music, a new sound, it was time for a revolution. There were all types of music being played and new music being formed. There were all sorts of bands playing different kinds of music and playing with their own styles while taking over the airwaves. Whether it be rock, soul, or any other type of music, it was a revolution. This also led to new bands forming and breaking into the industry. In theRead MoreThe Music Of Elvis Presley916 Words   |  4 Pageswere many types of bands and many diverse forms of music coming out and showing up in the 1960’s. It was a time for a new form of music, a new sound, it was time for a revolution. There were all types of music being played and new music being created. There were all sorts of bands playing different kinds of music and playing with their own styles while taking over the airwaves. Whether it be rock, soul, or any other type of music, it was a revolution. This also led to new bands forming and breaking

Classical Rhetorical Analysis Thomas Jefferson - 1202 Words

Online Lesson 3: Classical Rhetorical Analysis Thomas Jefferson Questions- 3.) The truths indicated by Thomas Jefferson are the ability to demonstrate certain rights without negotiation and that equality is entitled to all men. These rights specified by Jefferson are â€Å"†¦ Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson 1) in addition to the establishment of the government, which is meant to secure the rights. However, if and whenever that government becomes corrupt, it is the right of the people governed to modify or abolish it. 4.) This phrase insists that the Declaration applies not only to the colonies, but rather that it is a universal aspect. It helps to support Jefferson’s position in the sense that it is politically empowering,†¦show more content†¦He uses logos when he lists the â€Å"†¦ long train of abuses†¦ â€Å" (Jefferson 1) that the colonists had to suffer under Britain, such as â€Å"†¦ cutting off [their] trade with all parts of the world† (Jefferson 2) and although this made the mother country prosper, it thwarted the possibility of economic growth for the colonies. 8.) The parallelism emphasizes the idea that the colonies should be free and independent from the British crown in a non-monotonous manner. In addition, the willful tone used ends the entire passage on a powerful note. 10.) Although he states that â€Å"†¦ all men are created equal†¦ â€Å" (Jefferson 1), Jefferson is only referring to males who own property. This excludes all women, children, and those who are of different ethnicity and color. Even though the colonies eventually seceded from Britain, the idea of equality being shared among all was never enforced. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Questions- 1.) Stanton establishes her ethos by presenting her Declaration at the Seneca Falls Women’s Convention, which was the first women’s rights convention. In addition, she also uses indictments to state the rights denied from women by men. 2.) Rather than gaining independence, Stanton wants equality for women, including moral, ethical, and political equivalence. The word sentiment also appeals more to the overall passionate tone displayed throughout the passage. 3.) Her Declaration is different because whereasShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson Declaration Of Independence Analysis2088 Words   |  9 Pagescritic and political analysis of Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence) Jefferson loved books and more especially classical ones† (Beran). Journalist and lawyer, Michael Beran, makes a clear reference to Thomas Jefferson, and his love of books. Books are what educated Jefferson and pushed him to become the great educated man the world knows today. Jefferson was born April 13th, 1743, during a time when to be educated, ment a person could comprehend the great classical books of human historyRead More The Life and Political Career of James Madison Essay4338 Words   |  18 Pagesyears of college. He went on to finish the entire college course load in two years and stayed on for six months of ‘graduate study’† (Sheldon 8). Madison studied lessons mixing â€Å"dominate ideologies of revolutionary America: Lockean liberalism, classical Republicanism, and Christian theology† (Sheldon 11). During his time at Princeton, he became good friends with Professor Witherspoon, whose valuable teachings were influential to Madison and appear in his own work (Sheldon, 18). Aside from studiesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistorical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and ExpandedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesReasons ................................................................................................ 236 Deceiving with Loaded Language ................................................................................................... 238 Using Rhetorical Devices .................................................................................................................. 240 Review of Major Points .............................................................................................

Skill and Craftsmanship in the Works of Steinbeck Essay

Skill and Craftsmanship in the Works of Steinbeck Throughout Cannery Row, Of Mice and Men, The Red Pony and The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck professes his admiration for the man who displays skill and craftsmanship in his work. A man who does his job exceedingly well is, by extension in Steinbecks works, a hero who is satisfied in doing his best in affection for his craft - a direct contrast to the multitude of humans who are merely unsuccessful and unhappy dreamers. The emphasis of skill and craftsmanship is particularly evident in a description of Slim in Of Mice and Men: He moved with a majesty only achieved by royalty and master craftsmen. He was a jerkline skinner, capable of driving ten, sixteen, even†¦show more content†¦The boy Jody idolizes him, but ironically it is through Billy Buck that Jody realizes the fallibility of man. When Jody hesitates to leave his pony outside, Billy promises him it wont rain, and if it does that he would return the pony to the stable. But it does rain, and Billy Buck leaves the pony outside while he seeks shelter for himself. As a result, the pony catches a cold, and once again Billy Buck vainly assures Jody that hell be alright in the morning (23). The pony soon becomes seriously ill, and it is at this point that Jody asks if the pony can be saved. Billy Buck nearly tosses off a careless assurance, but...saves himself in time(34). He tells Jody that even he cannot save the pony , apologizes for his lapse in judgment, and soon after, the pony crawls off to die. Billy Buck is not infallible, but his true heroism is revealed through his ability to realize and compensate for his limitations (French 66). In this coming-of-age tale, it is Billy Buck who teaches Jody the essential lessons of life. In one incident, Jody inexplicably decides to kill three white mice, an action which he excuses by saying they dont know whats going to happen to them today (34). Billy Buck responds No, nor you, nor me, nor anyone. Jody is startled by the truth of this statement. As he grows into adulthood, he models his understanding and compassion on Billy Bucks work withShow MoreRelatedHumanities11870 Words   |  48 PagesThe word â€Å"art† usually refers to the so-called â€Å"fine arts† (e.g. pictorial, plastic, and building)– and to the so-called â€Å"minor arts† (everyday, useful, applied, and decorative arts) †¢ The word â€Å"art† is derived from  arti,  which denotes craftsmanship, skill, mastery of form, inventiveness. †¢ Art serves as a technical and creative record of human needs and achievements. The word art is often used in our daily lives. However, when we scrutinize the word in depth, defining what is art

Principles of Organization - 1040 Words

Principles of Organization These four broad principles have many variations and considered as exclusive principles of organization which are as under: Chronological Order (order of Time) In chronological order or time order, items, events, or even ideas are arranged in the order in which they occur. This pattern is marked by such transitions as next, then, the following morning, a few hours later, still later, that Wednesday, by noon, when she was seventeen, before the sun rose, that April, and so on. Chronological order can suit different rhetorical modes or patterns of exposition. It naturally fits in narration, because when we tell a story, we usually follow the order in which events occur. Chronological order applies to†¦show more content†¦| |chronological order |narration, process, examples and illustrations, |next; later; the following Tuesday; afterwards; | | |cause effect |by noon; when she had finally digested the giant| | | |burrito; as soon as; in 1998 | |spatial order |description, examples illustrations |just to the right; a little further on; to the | | | |south of Memphis; a few feet behind; directly on| | | |the bridge of his nose and a centimeter above | | | |his gaping, hairy nostrils; turning left on the | | | |pathway | |climactic order |examples illustrations, description, |more importantly; best of all; still worse; a | | |comparison contrast, analogy |more effective approach; even more expensive; | | | |even more painful than passing a kidney stone; |Show MoreRelatedAn Organization s Culture And Principles Of The Organization1144 Words   |  5 Pages An organization is determined by its value and behaviors that subsidize to the exclusive culture and principles environment of the organization, which includes the organization’s philosophy, expectations, practices, and norms that hold the structure together and expresses the society’s image with internal relationship, external influences, and future planning. At the same time, rules, beliefs, attitudes, and customs have been developed over periods and become the shared culture within the organizationRead MorePrinciples Of Organization And Management2733 Words   |  11 PagesPrinciples of Organization and Management The article in New York Times, â€Å"Yes, Silicon Valley, Sometimes You Need More Bureaucracy† it discusses the real issues associated with modern business practices. Management concepts and theories may be dated, but they are still just as relevant today as they were a decade ago. Business may be extremely successful, as in the case of Silicon Valley, but without the proper structure there will issues that could be detrimental to the business. OrganizationRead MoreGeneral Principles Of Organization Law Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesThere are number of General principles which have guided the courts in their approach to organisation law, both in terms of development of general law or interpretation of legislation. Three of these principles are:- 1. Non-interference principle 2. Commercial Reality principle 3. Non-Prescriptive Principle Director’s Duty at General Law The duty to act in good faith and for proper purpose Directors are the one who manages and directs the company. Therefore, there powers must be exercised notRead MoreManagement Principles Of Public And Nonprofit Organizations944 Words   |  4 PagesThis semester we had the opportunity to explore management principles in public and nonprofit organizations. We learned a range of concepts, theories, models and techniques related to organizational and management theory, supervision, communication, ethics, and a multitude of perspectives within organizations and society. The concepts that were stressed by Lee G. Bolman Terrence E. Deal (2013) in Reframing Organization was the structural, human resource, political and symbolic aspects of organizationalRead MoreLearning Organization And Principles Of Quality Management2415 Words   |  10 PagesLearning Organization and Principles of Quality Management in Practice by Brandon Olszewski Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for GSC 5690 001: Principles of Quality Management in the Mike Ilitch School of Business Instructor: Peter Chhim, Ph.D. WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY June 2016 Introduction Quality management can be a make or break situation for any company. The cornerstone of many quality organizations is that they have an effective quality managementRead MorePrinciples Of An Ethical Culture Within The Healthcare Organization1671 Words   |  7 Pagespublic and any organization. Thus, the interaction between health care executives and company representative is important because it increase patient care and health care delivery system and it does not disobey any laws and policies. The health care executives must follow the duties and policies and if information is unclear then, they have to take guidance from the organization’s legal counsel or any compliance. Policy 2: Creating an ethical culture within the healthcare organization. To maintainRead MoreEthical Principles, Morals And Values Of A Company Or Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesCode of ethics, are implemented to educate employees on the ethical principles, morals and values of a company or organization. Organizations such as the National Association for Social Workers (NASW), and the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) have ethical codes in place for individuals working within the Human Services field. The American Psychological Association (APA) have ethical principles for psychologists. Furthermore, journalist’s and corporations have ethical codes they mustRead MoreThe Principles of Scientific Management and Its Applications in Modern Day Organizations2456 Words   |  10 PagesThe Principles of Scientific Management and its Applications in Modern Day Organizations Introduction Managers have been continuously trying to figure out the best way to manage the workplace since the start of the industrial revolution. The goal is to maximize production output and minimize cost therefore getting maximized profit while still keeping workers happy and motivated. Different methods have been introduced and tested. But perhaps one of the most influential and popular ideas in managementRead MoreHuman Resources Management Principles For A Profitable Professional Service Organizations865 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement principles to maximize profitability. The importance of management principles include; â€Å"improves understanding, direction for training of manager, role of management and guide to research in management† (MSG Management Study Guide., 2015). In this paper we will discuss the difference between; human resources management principles compared to operations management principles and project management principles compared to operations management prin ciples. Each of these management principles includeRead MoreThe Accounting Principles Of Financial Statements And Balance Sheet And Valuations For The Health Care Organization976 Words   |  4 Pagescontribute to the overall foundation of the balance sheet and valuations for the health care organization. A lot of moving parts are required to keep health care organizations running and afloat for the long-term. One must understand the accounting concepts, and methods, terminology, in order to explain the various uses on how they apply to balance sheets. Valuing assets and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) method is effective for the right valuation as they will be explained in the following

Egyptian Architecture Free Essays

Egypt: Art and Architecture Architecture The great architectural achievements of the past are built of stone. Stone quarries supplied the large blocks of granite, limestone, and sandstone that were used for building temples and tombs. Architects planned carefully as building was done without mortar, so the stones had to fit precisely together. We will write a custom essay sample on Egyptian Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Only pillars were used to sustain short stone supports. At the temple of Kara, a ramp of adobe brick can be seen leading to the top of the temple wall. Such ramps were used to allow workmen to carry stones to the top of structure and allow artists to decorate the tops of walls and pillars. Pillars were built in the same way. As height was added, the ground was raised. When the top of the pillar was completed, the artists would decorate from the top down, removing ramp sand as they went along. As soon as a pharaoh was named, construction on his tomb was begun. Tomb building continued throughout his life and stopped only on the day on which he died. As a result, some tombs are very large and finely decorated, while other tombs, like that of King Tutankhamen, are small because he ruled as a pharaoh for such a short time. The architecture was based upon perpendicular structures and inclined planes since there was no tutorial assistance except the strength and balance of the structure itself. For this reason, the square and the plumb-line were very important tools. One of the most notable and lasting achievements of the Ancient Egyptians are their pyramids. The size, design, and structure of the pyramids reveal the skill of these ancient builders. The pyramids were great monuments and tombs for the kings. The Egyptians believed that a king’s soul continued to guide affairs of the kingdom even after his death. To ensure that they would continue to enjoy the blessings of the gods, they preserved the pharaohs body through the mummification process. They built the pyramids to protect the pharaohs body, the pyramid was a symbol of hope, because it would ensure the pharaohs union with the gods. The largest pyramid in existence is the Great Pyramid built by King Cheeps (Chuff) at Gaza. The Great Pyramid measures 481 feet high, by 775 feet long at each of its four bases. Other notable pyramids include the Step Pyramid built for King Sore, and the pyramid built for King Hunt, that was a transition between the step pyramid and the smooth sided pyramid we know today. The art of the Egyptians reflects every aspect of their lives. Depicted in tomb and temple drawings are scenes of everyday living, models of people and animals, glass figures and containers, and Jewelry made from gold and semi-precious stones. The wall and pillar drawings are perhaps the best known. In these drawings, it can be seen that people are going about the everyday business of baking, fishing, boating, marketing, and meeting together in family groups. Such drawings were also used to help the deceased to live forever by giving them all of the instructions they would need as they met the gods on their way to eternal life. The good deeds were recorded ND the art that surrounded their mummified body was to help their spiritual self in solving the problems related to life after death. Pictures of food, clothing, servants, and slaves could be used by the deceased Just as the real things were used by the person when living. A variety of perspectives is often combined in Egyptian art; however, the side view is the most often seen. The artists used bright colors of blue and red, orange and white to develop pictures that tell of the life of the deceased individual. The artist would first sketch a design on a piece of pottery, and if the sign was satisfactory, it would be sketched on the wall with charcoal. Colors could then be used to fill in the completed picture. Paints were made from naturally occurring minerals and artificially prepared mineral substances. Paint brushes were sticks with fibrous wood with frayed ends. Walls were covered with mud plaster, then with lime plaster. By the time of Rammers II, artists were able to shade colors to achieve a layered effect. Wall paintings were then protected by a thin layer of varnish (the composition of which is still not known). Sculptors were important artists in Egypt. Statues were made of kings, queens, scribes, animals, and gods and goddesses. Frequently, human and godlike attributes and symbols were combined. The work of the artist was seen in other media as well. Alabaster, a white and translucent stone, was often used for making vessels and containers. Pottery was made of ceramics and clay. Pottery glazed with minerals was used to make beads, amulets, pendants, and other Jewelry. A vivid blue glaze was very popular during the reign of Rammers II. Craftsmen made glass for inlayer designs and for some containers. Workers were able to make articles out of lead, gold, silver, and copper. Such metals were used to make pins, tweezers, razors, axes, knives, spears, sculptures, and Jewelry. The stability of the government during the reign of Rammers II allowed the skills of the artist and architect to flourish. Religion was often the subject of Egyptian literature. Prayers and hymns were written in praise of the gods. The most important book was â€Å"The Book of the Dead. † This book contained over 200 prayers and magic formulas that taught the Egyptians how to reach a happy afterlife. The Egyptians also wrote adventure stories, fairy tales, myths, love stories, poems, proverbs and quotes. How to cite Egyptian Architecture, Papers